BILL NUMBER: AB 2616 AMENDED
BILL TEXT
AMENDED IN ASSEMBLY MARCH 28, 2014
INTRODUCED BY Assembly Member Lowenthal
FEBRUARY 21, 2014
An act to amend Section 3455 3453 of
the Penal Code, relating to postrelease community supervision.
LEGISLATIVE COUNSEL'S DIGEST
AB 2616, as amended, Lowenthal. Postrelease community
supervision. supervision: notification of penalties
for violatio n.
Existing law, the Postrelease Community Supervision Act of 2011,
requires certain inmates released from state prison to be subject to
supervision by a county agency. The act provides that if the
supervising county agency has determined, following application of
its assessment processes, that authorized intermediate sanctions are
not appropriate, the supervising county agency is required to
petition the court, as specified, to revoke, modify, or terminate
postrelease supervision specifies the conditions of
postrelease community supervision, including, among others, requiring
that the person released be informed of the conditions of his or her
release . Existing law permits each county agency
responsible for postrelease supervision to determine an appropriate
response to alleged violations of those conditions, including flash
incarceration in a city or county jail. Existing law defines flash
incarceration as a period of detention in a city or county jail
ranging from one to 10 days due to a violation of an offender's
conditions of postrelease supervision.
This bill would make technical, nonsubstantive changes to
those provisions additionally require, as a condition
of postrelease community supervision, that the person re
leased be informed of the penalties for violation of the conditions
of postrelease community supervision, including, but not limited to,
the potential for flash incarceration without a court hearing .
By increasing the duties of local officials, the bill would
impose a state-mandated local program.
The California Constitution requires the state to reimburse local
agencies and school districts for certain costs mandated by the
state. Statutory provisions establish procedures for making that
reimbursement.
This bill would provide that, if the Commission on State Mandates
determines that the bill contains costs mandated by the state,
reimbursement for those costs shall be made pursuant to these
statutory provisions.
Vote: majority. Appropriation: no. Fiscal committee: no
yes . State-mandated local program: no
yes .
AB 2616, as amended, Lowenthal. Postrelease community
supervision. supervision: notification of penalties
for violatio n.
Existing law, the Postrelease Community Supervision Act of 2011,
requires certain inmates released from state prison to be subject to
supervision by a county agency. The act provides that if the
supervising county agency has determined, following application of
its assessment processes, that authorized intermediate sanctions are
not appropriate, the supervising county agency is required to
petition the court, as specified, to revoke, modify, or terminate
postrelease supervision specifies the conditions of
postrelease community supervision, including, among others, requiring
that the person released be informed of the conditions of his or her
release . Existing law permits each county agency
responsible for postrelease supervision to determine an appropriate
response to alleged violations of those conditions, including flash
incarceration in a city or county jail. Existing law defines flash
incarceration as a period of detention in a city or county jail
ranging from one to 10 days due to a violation of an offender's
conditions of postrelease supervision.
This bill would make technical, nonsubstantive changes to
those provisions additionally require, as a condition
of postrelease community supervision, that the person re
leased be informed of the penalties for violation of the conditions
of postrelease community supervision, including, but not limited to,
the potential for flash incarceration without a court hearing .
By increasing the duties of local officials, the bill would
impose a state-mandated local program.
The California Constitution requires the state to reimburse local
agencies and school districts for certain costs mandated by the
state. Statutory provisions establish procedures for making that
reimbursement.
This bill would provide that, if the Commission on State Mandates
determines that the bill contains costs mandated by the state,
reimbursement for those costs shall be made pursuant to these
statutory provisions.
Vote: majority. Appropriation: no. Fiscal committee: no
yes . State-mandated local program: no
yes .
AB 2616, as amended, Lowenthal. Postrelease community
supervision. supervision: notification of penalties
for violatio n.
Existing law, the Postrelease Community Supervision Act of 2011,
requires certain inmates released from state prison to be subject to
supervision by a county agency. The act provides that if the
supervising county agency has determined, following application of
its assessment processes, that authorized intermediate sanctions are
not appropriate, the supervising county agency is required to
petition the court, as specified, to revoke, modify, or terminate
postrelease supervision specifies the conditions of
postrelease community supervision, including, among others, requiring
that the person released be informed of the conditions of his or her
release . Existing law permits each county agency
responsible for postrelease supervision to determine an appropriate
response to alleged violations of those conditions, including flash
incarceration in a city or county jail. Existing law defines flash
incarceration as a period of detention in a city or county jail
ranging from one to 10 days due to a violation of an offender's
conditions of postrelease supervision.
This bill would make technical, nonsubstantive changes to
those provisions additionally require, as a condition
of postrelease community supervision, that the person re
leased be informed of the penalties for violation of the conditions
of postrelease community supervision, including, but not limited to,
the potential for flash incarceration without a court hearing .
By increasing the duties of local officials, the bill would
impose a state-mandated local program.
The California Constitution requires the state to reimburse local
agencies and school districts for certain costs mandated by the
state. Statutory provisions establish procedures for making that
reimbursement.
This bill would provide that, if the Commission on State Mandates
determines that the bill contains costs mandated by the state,
reimbursement for those costs shall be made pursuant to these
statutory provisions.
Vote: majority. Appropriation: no. Fiscal committee: no
yes . State-mandated local program: no
yes .
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA DO ENACT AS FOLLOWS:
SECTION 1. Section 3453 of the Penal
Code is amended to read:
3453. Postrelease community supervision shall include the
following conditions:
(a) The person shall be informed of the conditions of release
and penalties for violation of those conditions, including, but not
limited to, the potential for flash incarceration without a court
hearing .
(b) The person shall obey all laws.
(c) The person shall report to the supervising county agency
within two working days of release from custody.
(d) The person shall follow the directives and instructions of the
supervising county agency.
(e) The person shall report to the supervising county agency as
directed by that agency.
(f) The person, and his or her residence and possessions, shall be
subject to search at any time of the day or night, with or without a
warrant, by an agent of the supervising county agency or by a peace
officer.
(g) The person shall waive extradition if found outside the state.
(h) The person shall inform the supervising county agency of the
person's place of residence, employment, education, or training.
(i) (1) The person shall inform the supervising county agency of
any pending or anticipated changes in residence, employment,
education, or training.
(2) If the person enters into new employment, he or she shall
inform the supervising county agency of the new employment within
three business days of that entry.
(j) The person shall immediately inform the supervising county
agency if he or she is arrested or receives a citation.
(k) The person shall obtain the permission of the supervising
county agency to travel more than 50 miles from the person's place of
residence.
( l ) The person shall obtain a travel pass from the
supervising county agency before he or she may leave the county or
state for more than two days.
(m) The person shall not be in the presence of a firearm or
ammunition, or any item that appears to be a firearm or ammunition.
(n) The person shall not possess, use, or have access to any
weapon listed in Section 16140, subdivision (c) of Section 16170,
Section 16220, 16260, 16320, 16330, or 16340, subdivision (b) of
Section 16460, Section 16470, subdivision (f) of Section 16520, or
Section 16570, 16740, 16760, 16830, 16920, 16930, 16940, 17090,
17125, 17160, 17170, 17180, 17190, 17200, 17270, 17280, 17330, 17350,
17360, 17700, 17705, 17710, 17715, 17720, 17725, 17730, 17735,
17740, 17745, 19100, 19200, 19205, 20200, 20310, 20410, 20510, 20610,
20611, 20710, 20910, 21110, 21310, 21810, 22010,
22015, 22210, 22215, 22410, 24310, 24410, 24510, 24610, 24680, 24710,
30210, 30215, 31500, 32310, 32400, 32405, 32410, 32415, 32420,
32425, 32430 32430, 32435, 32440,
32445, 32450, 32900, 33215, 33220, 33225, or 33600.
(o) (1) Except as provided in paragraph (2) and subdivision (p),
the person shall not possess a knife with a blade longer than two
inches.
(2) The person may possess a kitchen knife with a blade longer
than two inches if the knife is used and kept only in the kitchen of
the person's residence.
(p) The person may use a knife with a blade longer than two
inches, if the use is required for that person's employment, the use
has been approved in a document issued by the supervising county
agency, and the person possesses the document of approval at all
times and makes it available for inspection.
(q) The person shall waive any right to a court hearing prior to
the imposition of a period of "flash incarceration" in a city or
county jail of not more than 10 consecutive days for any violation of
his or her postrelease supervision conditions.
(r) The person shall participate in rehabilitation programming as
recommended by the supervising county agency.
(s) The person shall be subject to arrest with or without a
warrant by a peace officer employed by the supervising county agency
or, at the direction of the supervising county agency, by any peace
officer when there is probable cause to believe the person has
violated the terms and conditions of his or her release.
SEC. 2. If the Commission on State Mandates
determines that this act contains costs mandated by the state,
reimbursement to local agencies and school districts for those costs
shall be made pursuant to Part 7 (commencing with Section 17500) of
Division 4 of Title 2 of the Government Code.
SECTION 1. Section 3455 of the Penal Code is
amended to read:
3455. (a) If the supervising county agency has determined,
following application of its assessment processes, that intermediate
sanctions as authorized in subdivision (b) of Section 3454 are not
appropriate, the supervising county agency shall petition the court
pursuant to Section 1203.2 to revoke, modify, or terminate
postrelease community supervision. At any point during the process
initiated pursuant to this section, a person may waive, in writing,
his or her right to counsel, admit the violation of his or her
postrelease community supervision, waive a court hearing, and accept
the proposed modification of his or her postrelease community
supervision. The petition shall include a written report that
contains additional information regarding the petition, including the
relevant terms and conditions of postrelease community supervision,
the circumstances of the alleged underlying violation, the history
and background of the violator, and any recommendations. The Judicial
Council shall adopt forms and rules of court to establish uniform
statewide procedures to implement this subdivision, including the
minimum contents of supervision agency reports. Upon a finding that
the person has violated the conditions of postrelease community
supervision, the revocation hearing officer shall have authority to
do all of the following:
(1) Return the person to postrelease community supervision with
modifications of conditions, if appropriate, including a period of
incarceration in county jail.
(2) Revoke and terminate postrelease community supervision and
order the person to confinement in the county jail.
(3) Refer the person to a reentry court pursuant to Section 3015
or other evidence-based program in the court's discretion.
(b) (1) At any time during the period of postrelease community
supervision, if a peace officer has probable cause to believe a
person subject to postrelease community supervision is violating any
term or condition of his or her release, the officer may, without a
warrant or other process, arrest the person and bring him or her
before the supervising county agency established by the county board
of supervisors pursuant to subdivision (a) of Section 3451.
Additionally, an officer employed by the supervising county agency
may seek a warrant and a court or its designated hearing officer
appointed pursuant to Section 71622.5 of the Government Code shall
have the authority to issue a warrant for that person's arrest.
(2) The court or its designated hearing officer shall have the
authority to issue a warrant for a person who is the subject of a
petition filed under this section who has failed to appear for a
hearing on the petition or for any reason in the interests of
justice, or to remand to custody a person who does appear at a
hearing on the petition for any reason in the interests of justice.
(c) The revocation hearing shall be held within a reasonable time
after the filing of the revocation petition. Based upon a showing of
a preponderance of the evidence that a person under supervision poses
an unreasonable risk to public safety, or that the person may not
appear if released from custody, or for any reason in the interests
of justice, the supervising county agency shall have the authority to
make a determination whether the person should remain in custody
pending the first court appearance on a petition to revoke
postrelease community supervision, and upon that determination, may
order the person confined pending his or her first court appearance.
(d) Confinement pursuant to paragraphs (1) and (2) of subdivision
(a) shall not exceed a period of 180 days in a county jail for each
custodial sanction.
(e) A person shall not remain under supervision or in custody
pursuant to this title on or after three years from the date of the
person's initial entry onto postrelease community supervision, except
when his or her supervision is tolled pursuant to Section 1203.2 or
subdivision (b) of Section 3456.
SECTION 1. Section 3453 of the Penal
Code is amended to read:
3453. Postrelease community supervision shall include the
following conditions:
(a) The person shall be informed of the conditions of release
and penalties for violation of those conditions, including, but not
limited to, the potential for flash incarceration without a court
hearing .
(b) The person shall obey all laws.
(c) The person shall report to the supervising county agency
within two working days of release from custody.
(d) The person shall follow the directives and instructions of the
supervising county agency.
(e) The person shall report to the supervising county agency as
directed by that agency.
(f) The person, and his or her residence and possessions, shall be
subject to search at any time of the day or night, with or without a
warrant, by an agent of the supervising county agency or by a peace
officer.
(g) The person shall waive extradition if found outside the state.
(h) The person shall inform the supervising county agency of the
person's place of residence, employment, education, or training.
(i) (1) The person shall inform the supervising county agency of
any pending or anticipated changes in residence, employment,
education, or training.
(2) If the person enters into new employment, he or she shall
inform the supervising county agency of the new employment within
three business days of that entry.
(j) The person shall immediately inform the supervising county
agency if he or she is arrested or receives a citation.
(k) The person shall obtain the permission of the supervising
county agency to travel more than 50 miles from the person's place of
residence.
( l ) The person shall obtain a travel pass from the
supervising county agency before he or she may leave the county or
state for more than two days.
(m) The person shall not be in the presence of a firearm or
ammunition, or any item that appears to be a firearm or ammunition.
(n) The person shall not possess, use, or have access to any
weapon listed in Section 16140, subdivision (c) of Section 16170,
Section 16220, 16260, 16320, 16330, or 16340, subdivision (b) of
Section 16460, Section 16470, subdivision (f) of Section 16520, or
Section 16570, 16740, 16760, 16830, 16920, 16930, 16940, 17090,
17125, 17160, 17170, 17180, 17190, 17200, 17270, 17280, 17330, 17350,
17360, 17700, 17705, 17710, 17715, 17720, 17725, 17730, 17735,
17740, 17745, 19100, 19200, 19205, 20200, 20310, 20410, 20510, 20610,
20611, 20710, 20910, 21110, 21310, 21810, 22010,
22015, 22210, 22215, 22410, 24310, 24410, 24510, 24610, 24680, 24710,
30210, 30215, 31500, 32310, 32400, 32405, 32410, 32415, 32420,
32425, 32430 32430, 32435, 32440,
32445, 32450, 32900, 33215, 33220, 33225, or 33600.
(o) (1) Except as provided in paragraph (2) and subdivision (p),
the person shall not possess a knife with a blade longer than two
inches.
(2) The person may possess a kitchen knife with a blade longer
than two inches if the knife is used and kept only in the kitchen of
the person's residence.
(p) The person may use a knife with a blade longer than two
inches, if the use is required for that person's employment, the use
has been approved in a document issued by the supervising county
agency, and the person possesses the document of approval at all
times and makes it available for inspection.
(q) The person shall waive any right to a court hearing prior to
the imposition of a period of "flash incarceration" in a city or
county jail of not more than 10 consecutive days for any violation of
his or her postrelease supervision conditions.
(r) The person shall participate in rehabilitation programming as
recommended by the supervising county agency.
(s) The person shall be subject to arrest with or without a
warrant by a peace officer employed by the supervising county agency
or, at the direction of the supervising county agency, by any peace
officer when there is probable cause to believe the person has
violated the terms and conditions of his or her release.
SEC. 2. If the Commission on State Mandates
determines that this act contains costs mandated by the state,
reimbursement to local agencies and school districts for those costs
shall be made pursuant to Part 7 (commencing with Section 17500) of
Division 4 of Title 2 of the Government Code.
SECTION 1. Section 3455 of the Penal Code is
amended to read:
3455. (a) If the supervising county agency has determined,
following application of its assessment processes, that intermediate
sanctions as authorized in subdivision (b) of Section 3454 are not
appropriate, the supervising county agency shall petition the court
pursuant to Section 1203.2 to revoke, modify, or terminate
postrelease community supervision. At any point during the process
initiated pursuant to this section, a person may waive, in writing,
his or her right to counsel, admit the violation of his or her
postrelease community supervision, waive a court hearing, and accept
the proposed modification of his or her postrelease community
supervision. The petition shall include a written report that
contains additional information regarding the petition, including the
relevant terms and conditions of postrelease community supervision,
the circumstances of the alleged underlying violation, the history
and background of the violator, and any recommendations. The Judicial
Council shall adopt forms and rules of court to establish uniform
statewide procedures to implement this subdivision, including the
minimum contents of supervision agency reports. Upon a finding that
the person has violated the conditions of postrelease community
supervision, the revocation hearing officer shall have authority to
do all of the following:
(1) Return the person to postrelease community supervision with
modifications of conditions, if appropriate, including a period of
incarceration in county jail.
(2) Revoke and terminate postrelease community supervision and
order the person to confinement in the county jail.
(3) Refer the person to a reentry court pursuant to Section 3015
or other evidence-based program in the court's discretion.
(b) (1) At any time during the period of postrelease community
supervision, if a peace officer has probable cause to believe a
person subject to postrelease community supervision is violating any
term or condition of his or her release, the officer may, without a
warrant or other process, arrest the person and bring him or her
before the supervising county agency established by the county board
of supervisors pursuant to subdivision (a) of Section 3451.
Additionally, an officer employed by the supervising county agency
may seek a warrant and a court or its designated hearing officer
appointed pursuant to Section 71622.5 of the Government Code shall
have the authority to issue a warrant for that person's arrest.
(2) The court or its designated hearing officer shall have the
authority to issue a warrant for a person who is the subject of a
petition filed under this section who has failed to appear for a
hearing on the petition or for any reason in the interests of
justice, or to remand to custody a person who does appear at a
hearing on the petition for any reason in the interests of justice.
(c) The revocation hearing shall be held within a reasonable time
after the filing of the revocation petition. Based upon a showing of
a preponderance of the evidence that a person under supervision poses
an unreasonable risk to public safety, or that the person may not
appear if released from custody, or for any reason in the interests
of justice, the supervising county agency shall have the authority to
make a determination whether the person should remain in custody
pending the first court appearance on a petition to revoke
postrelease community supervision, and upon that determination, may
order the person confined pending his or her first court appearance.
(d) Confinement pursuant to paragraphs (1) and (2) of subdivision
(a) shall not exceed a period of 180 days in a county jail for each
custodial sanction.
(e) A person shall not remain under supervision or in custody
pursuant to this title on or after three years from the date of the
person's initial entry onto postrelease community supervision, except
when his or her supervision is tolled pursuant to Section 1203.2 or
subdivision (b) of Section 3456.
SECTION 1. Section 3453 of the Penal
Code is amended to read:
3453. Postrelease community supervision shall include the
following conditions:
(a) The person shall be informed of the conditions of release
and penalties for violation of those conditions, including, but not
limited to, the potential for flash incarceration without a court
hearing .
(b) The person shall obey all laws.
(c) The person shall report to the supervising county agency
within two working days of release from custody.
(d) The person shall follow the directives and instructions of the
supervising county agency.
(e) The person shall report to the supervising county agency as
directed by that agency.
(f) The person, and his or her residence and possessions, shall be
subject to search at any time of the day or night, with or without a
warrant, by an agent of the supervising county agency or by a peace
officer.
(g) The person shall waive extradition if found outside the state.
(h) The person shall inform the supervising county agency of the
person's place of residence, employment, education, or training.
(i) (1) The person shall inform the supervising county agency of
any pending or anticipated changes in residence, employment,
education, or training.
(2) If the person enters into new employment, he or she shall
inform the supervising county agency of the new employment within
three business days of that entry.
(j) The person shall immediately inform the supervising county
agency if he or she is arrested or receives a citation.
(k) The person shall obtain the permission of the supervising
county agency to travel more than 50 miles from the person's place of
residence.
( l ) The person shall obtain a travel pass from the
supervising county agency before he or she may leave the county or
state for more than two days.
(m) The person shall not be in the presence of a firearm or
ammunition, or any item that appears to be a firearm or ammunition.
(n) The person shall not possess, use, or have access to any
weapon listed in Section 16140, subdivision (c) of Section 16170,
Section 16220, 16260, 16320, 16330, or 16340, subdivision (b) of
Section 16460, Section 16470, subdivision (f) of Section 16520, or
Section 16570, 16740, 16760, 16830, 16920, 16930, 16940, 17090,
17125, 17160, 17170, 17180, 17190, 17200, 17270, 17280, 17330, 17350,
17360, 17700, 17705, 17710, 17715, 17720, 17725, 17730, 17735,
17740, 17745, 19100, 19200, 19205, 20200, 20310, 20410, 20510, 20610,
20611, 20710, 20910, 21110, 21310, 21810, 22010,
22015, 22210, 22215, 22410, 24310, 24410, 24510, 24610, 24680, 24710,
30210, 30215, 31500, 32310, 32400, 32405, 32410, 32415, 32420,
32425, 32430 32430, 32435, 32440,
32445, 32450, 32900, 33215, 33220, 33225, or 33600.
(o) (1) Except as provided in paragraph (2) and subdivision (p),
the person shall not possess a knife with a blade longer than two
inches.
(2) The person may possess a kitchen knife with a blade longer
than two inches if the knife is used and kept only in the kitchen of
the person's residence.
(p) The person may use a knife with a blade longer than two
inches, if the use is required for that person's employment, the use
has been approved in a document issued by the supervising county
agency, and the person possesses the document of approval at all
times and makes it available for inspection.
(q) The person shall waive any right to a court hearing prior to
the imposition of a period of "flash incarceration" in a city or
county jail of not more than 10 consecutive days for any violation of
his or her postrelease supervision conditions.
(r) The person shall participate in rehabilitation programming as
recommended by the supervising county agency.
(s) The person shall be subject to arrest with or without a
warrant by a peace officer employed by the supervising county agency
or, at the direction of the supervising county agency, by any peace
officer when there is probable cause to believe the person has
violated the terms and conditions of his or her release.
SEC. 2. If the Commission on State Mandates
determines that this act contains costs mandated by the state,
reimbursement to local agencies and school districts for those costs
shall be made pursuant to Part 7 (commencing with Section 17500) of
Division 4 of Title 2 of the Government Code.
SECTION 1. Section 3455 of the Penal Code is
amended to read:
3455. (a) If the supervising county agency has determined,
following application of its assessment processes, that intermediate
sanctions as authorized in subdivision (b) of Section 3454 are not
appropriate, the supervising county agency shall petition the court
pursuant to Section 1203.2 to revoke, modify, or terminate
postrelease community supervision. At any point during the process
initiated pursuant to this section, a person may waive, in writing,
his or her right to counsel, admit the violation of his or her
postrelease community supervision, waive a court hearing, and accept
the proposed modification of his or her postrelease community
supervision. The petition shall include a written report that
contains additional information regarding the petition, including the
relevant terms and conditions of postrelease community supervision,
the circumstances of the alleged underlying violation, the history
and background of the violator, and any recommendations. The Judicial
Council shall adopt forms and rules of court to establish uniform
statewide procedures to implement this subdivision, including the
minimum contents of supervision agency reports. Upon a finding that
the person has violated the conditions of postrelease community
supervision, the revocation hearing officer shall have authority to
do all of the following:
(1) Return the person to postrelease community supervision with
modifications of conditions, if appropriate, including a period of
incarceration in county jail.
(2) Revoke and terminate postrelease community supervision and
order the person to confinement in the county jail.
(3) Refer the person to a reentry court pursuant to Section 3015
or other evidence-based program in the court's discretion.
(b) (1) At any time during the period of postrelease community
supervision, if a peace officer has probable cause to believe a
person subject to postrelease community supervision is violating any
term or condition of his or her release, the officer may, without a
warrant or other process, arrest the person and bring him or her
before the supervising county agency established by the county board
of supervisors pursuant to subdivision (a) of Section 3451.
Additionally, an officer employed by the supervising county agency
may seek a warrant and a court or its designated hearing officer
appointed pursuant to Section 71622.5 of the Government Code shall
have the authority to issue a warrant for that person's arrest.
(2) The court or its designated hearing officer shall have the
authority to issue a warrant for a person who is the subject of a
petition filed under this section who has failed to appear for a
hearing on the petition or for any reason in the interests of
justice, or to remand to custody a person who does appear at a
hearing on the petition for any reason in the interests of justice.
(c) The revocation hearing shall be held within a reasonable time
after the filing of the revocation petition. Based upon a showing of
a preponderance of the evidence that a person under supervision poses
an unreasonable risk to public safety, or that the person may not
appear if released from custody, or for any reason in the interests
of justice, the supervising county agency shall have the authority to
make a determination whether the person should remain in custody
pending the first court appearance on a petition to revoke
postrelease community supervision, and upon that determination, may
order the person confined pending his or her first court appearance.
(d) Confinement pursuant to paragraphs (1) and (2) of subdivision
(a) shall not exceed a period of 180 days in a county jail for each
custodial sanction.
(e) A person shall not remain under supervision or in custody
pursuant to this title on or after three years from the date of the
person's initial entry onto postrelease community supervision, except
when his or her supervision is tolled pursuant to Section 1203.2 or
subdivision (b) of Section 3456.